Remove an old Ubuntu Kernels

Someone has asked to me "how to remove old Ubuntu Kernels"

Every time Ubuntu installs a new Linux kernel, the old one is left behind. This means that if you are regularly updating an Ubuntu system the Grub boot menu becomes longer and longer with kernels you don’t need anymore.

The old kernels are deliberately left installed and on the menu so you can boot a previous kernel if you have trouble with a new one. But if the new one works, you can safely uninstall the old kernel, which will also result in the Grub menu being cleaned up.

First you need to find out what your current kernel is. Open a terminal and run the following command:

uname -r

It will print the version of the Linux kernel you are running, this is the one you want to keep. It should look something like this:

2.6.31-14-generic

This is the old trick, you just open the Synaptic package manager from the System->Administration menu.

Click the “Search” button on the tool bar and search for linux-image-2.

The results should show every available and installed kernel. A green box on the left indicates that the package is installed. The only linux-image you want installed is the latest one. Find the package corresponding to the kernel to you running currently (this is the kernel you found in the terminal window). Make sure you keep that one. Now you can uninstall the old kernels from the list by clicking their boxes and selecting “Mark for Removal”.

Caution! Be careful of what you remove. Ensure that you don’t remove your current kernel, or anything that is not a linux-image. It is possible to break Ubuntu if you remove the wrong kernel.

Click the apply button on the tool bar to complete the changes.

Your computer and Grub menu should now be free of old kernels.

That's all.


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Broadcasting from your own server: Setting up the SHOUTcast Radio DNAS Application

This tutorial is recommended for advanced users.

If you chose to setup your own server, you will need lots of bandwidth and a stable connection to the Internet. What do we mean by "your own server"? By that we mean a computer host, usually a pretty powerful one, which you can use to serve websites from. In that regard, a SHOUTcast server will be responsible for identifying in the SHOUTcast Radio Directory your radio to your listeners.

Downloading the SHOUTcast DNAS application and setting up your server should take approximately 45 minutes of your time, but may take longer depending on your level of technical expertise.

Ready? Let's get started:

Installation instructions for each platform are below:

Windows 98/ME/2000/XP:

1. Download the SHOUTcast DNAS application for Windows by proceeding to this link
2. Once the download has finished, extract all the files into a folder and create a shortcut for SC_SERV.EXE on the Desktop.
3. Start up the SHOUTcast Radio server by double-clicking on SC_SERV.EXE
4. Click on the "Edit Config" menu option located at the top. This will start the default text editor, opening the configuration file for SHOUTcast DNAS application. Follow all the directions that are written into the configuration file.
5. Once you are done making changes, save the file, close the editor, and restart the SHOUTcast Radio DNAS application.

UNIX, LINUX, FreeBSD and MAC OSX:

1. Download the SHOUTcast DNAS application version appropriate to your system by proceeding to this link.
2. Gunzip the distribution and un-tar the archive.
3. Use a text editor to configure the sc_serv.conf file (Please see the SHOUTcast DNAS application section of the Documentation page for more information on what each field in this config file means ).
4. Note that the user you run the server as requires read access to the config file, and write access for the files you define for file storage and log storage.

The configuration parameters and what they all mean, including how you can choose whether to make your station public are explained in the Documentation.

GLOSSARY of Terms

SHOUTcast Radio DNAS - The SHOUTcast Distributed Network Audio Software (DNAS) is a software application that you install on your computer server that handles the actual streaming of your internet radio station content out to listeners.

SHOUTcast Radio DSP - Software plug-in for Winamp that is used to broadcast your Winamp playlist or a live source.

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Broadcasting through a third-party server or stream hosting solution: Using Winamp with the SHOUTcast Radio DSP Plug-in

If you would like to start your own internet radio station without the hassle of running your own server this is the solution for you. You can host your radio broadcast through a willing third party that will handle the actual streaming for you, leaving you to only worry about what you want to play on your internet radio station! You can search the Internet for the streaming host solution that fits you needs and your budget.

Once you have a streaming host in place, you can use the Winamp media player along with the SHOUTcast DSP plug-in to start broadcasting. This plug-in is responsible for sending the audio source feed of your internet radio station to your streaming server, from where it is broadcasted out to your listeners.

Instructions - Windows

1. Download Winamp by going to the Winamp site or here.

2. Download the SHOUTcast Radio DSP plug-in for Winamp. The DSP plug-in is available here.

3. Once you have downloaded the SHOUTcast Radio DSP plug-in, close Winamp if its already running and double-click the installer file that you downloaded in step 2 above, and follow the onscreen instructions to install.


4. Start Winamp and open Preferences (CTRL-P) and click on the DSP/effects subcategory under the Plug-ins tree. See below for example:



5. Once you have the SHOUTcast Radio DSP plug-in setup and properly configured, it will broadcast whatever is currently playing on Winamp on your internet radio station in real time!Please refer to the README that comes with the DSP installer for more instructions on how to use the SHOUTcast Radio DSP, including how you can chose whether to make your station public (i.e., list on the SHOUTcast Radio directory).

Instructions - Unix, Linux & MAC OSX

Not a Windows or Winamp user? Don't worry, we've got you covered! For our advanced users on Mac OS X, Linux and Unix, the UNIX/Linux version of the SHOUTcast Radio DSP permits input from a soundcard in addition to MP3 files on disk. Please refer to the example .conf file included with the archive for more information. Please note that this method of broadcasting is currently in beta and therefore unsupported. Please use at your own risk. Download the SHOUTcast Radio DSP for Unix/Linux/MAC OSX here.


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Texas Holdem Starting Hands - a Deeper Look

Before reading this little article, review the starting hand table here. It is obvious that AA is a better starting hand then A2 but why are some hands strong in certain situations and why are some hands not? Extremes are always easy but most the game is spent in the muggy middle. Let's try to clear it up some.

For example, would you be surprised if your pocket aces lost when 9 other people were against you? Would you prefer another hand, like a suited connector, in that situation? Why is it that K7s is not a very good hand but something like 87s is?

If you have already played holdem for sometime then these answers may pop right out; it isn't obvious though to a beginner and it is funny that many people who have been playing for decades still can't seem to get it straight. Certain hands perform better in certain situations then they would in others.

Why do hands like K7s, J4s, J7s, Q7s, T6s suck?


The reason a hand like K7s sucks is because it has very little chance to win (obviously! you are probably thinking, but the question is why). The ways it can win are either very unlikely to happen, or you won't be able to play with much strength when they do. What exactly are you trying to catch when you play a hand like K7s? If you catch your King, then most likely your 7 kicker will be beaten. If you catch your 7 as top pair, you will most likely lose to overcards hitting on the turn or river. Remember the odds of catching a flush draw on the flop aren't high either (check the probabilities table here). This hand also can't make a straight unless it is only one card. To catch two pair with it or to make trips in a weird way is also very unlikely. So the bottom line is, these hands don't make money unless you get lucky and luck doesn't pan out often (or it wouldn't be called luck). So with these kinds of crappy cards you really want to watch out. Either avoid them completely or only play them out of your blinds when it is very cheap.

Why do I not play anything below AT offsuit? Why do I prefer playing A5s and below or ATs and above over something in the middle like A8s?



Any Ace unsuited hand below AT is in my book a trouble hand. Some people might even consider AT and AJ trouble hands too but for the games you are going to be playing in they are adequate starting hands. The reason A8, A7, A5 all suck is because you really can't hit much to win. Take A8 for example. Your kicker isn't that great, the 8, and you have no chance of hitting any straights or flushes. The only way you can win really is to hope that they have a weaker Ace then you do and you catch one. Like I mentioned in another article on here, playing poker well is like investing. You want to put your money in good opportunities that have a chance for a nice return and A8 off isn't that. Now to answer the question of ATs and above and A5s and below versus A9s A8s A7s A6s, I like the first ones because you can also make a straight with them. I would take A5s over A8s because the A and the 5 can work together to make a straight, unlike the A8s. When you play weak Aces though like A5s, you have to be extra cautious if you catch an Ace on the flop. You won't be sure if your kicker is good or not so you'll have to use some more thinking. Playing these only in later positions can help you make better decisions because people will check most likely if they don't have the A or that hand beat.

Why do hands like AA, KK, QQ, AK, AQ like fewer opponents?



Remember the scenario above when you were in the big blind, everyone is in the hand so far, and you look down and see two beautiful black Aces looking up at you? My heart usually starts going a mile a minute and then I look up to see that everyone has already called and my chances to win are slim. Big hands like this rarely win when there are that many people calling preflop. The reason is that it is very hard for AA to improve to anything more then just one pair. And in those big multi-way pots usually two pair or greater drags the chips. In that situation I may actually try to check raise on the flop instead of betting right now. The idea would be to try to cut off some people in the middle and make them fold. Limiting the field increases my chances to win with that hand.

Why do hands like JTs, 89s, QJs, KTs, 79s, 46s prefer lots of opponents?



I love little suited connectors in low limit holdem. The reason is that I rarely get into trouble with them. When I hit something, it is usually really strong and when I miss it is an easy fold. This untrue for hands like AA and KK. With those you are pretty much married to the pot unless someone really makes it apparent that you are the loser. A hand like JTs and 89s are ideal for playing against big multi-action.

The best situation would be if you are on the button or even in the big blind and every person calls before you. I would even raise there a lot of the time to just get more money in the pot. The reason these play well and favor large pots is because they are drawing to flushes and straights. They need lots of people in the hand to justify the cost of playing them. And they do well in that situation because when they make their hand they are hard to beat.

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